Henry Walter Bates (Leicester, 8 de fevereiro de 1825 — Londres, 16 de fevereiro de 1892) foi um entomólogo e naturalista inglês.
Famoso por sua viagem à Amazônia, junto com Alfred Russel Wallace, com o objetivo de recolher material zoológico e botânico para o Museu de História Natural de Londres.
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Permaneceu no Brasil durante onze anos, enviando cerca de 14.712 espécies (8000 delas novas), a maior parte insetos para a Inglaterra. Após o seu trabalho nas florestas tropicais do Brasil, propôs o mecanismo de Mimetismo batesiano, uma uma forma de mimetismo em que uma espécie
evolui características morfológicas ou outras que a fazem aparentar com
outra espécie considerada repugnante pelo predador, concedendo-lhe uma
certa protecção contra predação. Em 1861 casou com Sarah Ann Mason e a partir de 1864 trabalhou como secretário assistente da Royal Geographical Society. Foi acompanhado de seu sócio e amigo Alfred
Russel Wallace, juntos excursionaram pelo rio Tocantins, em busca de dados sobre a origem
das espécies (1848-1852), catalogou cerca de 8000 insetos
até então desconhecidos numa coletânea de 14.712 espécies
da fauna da América do Sul, que muito contribuiu para o progresso
dos estudos zoológicos. Na sua volta à Inglaterra
(1859) apresentou à Linnean Society a monografia Contributions
to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley (1861), que mereceu o aplauso
de Charles Darwin, que utilizou muitos dos dados para elaborar sua
teoria sobre a origem das espécies. Nomeado secretário-assistente
da Royal Geographical Society (1864), foi eleito para a Royal Society (1881)
e morreu em Londres de bronquite. Publicou na Inglaterra vários livros sobre
a Amazônia sendo o mais conhecido The Naturalist on The River
Amazons (1863), traduzido no Brasil como O naturalista no Rio Amazonas
(1944) na sua primeira edição, com tradução de Candido de Mello Leitão, e posteriormente, como Um naturalista no Rio Amazonas (1979) com tradução de Regina Régis Junqueira.
Edições do - The naturalist on the River Amazons
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| Bates, H.W. 1863. THE NATURALIST ON THE RIVER AMAZONS, A RECORD OF ADVENTURES, HABITS OF ANIMALS, SKETCHES OF BRAZILIAN AND INDIAN LIFE, AND ASPECTS OF NATURE UNDER THE EQUATOR, DURING ELEVEN YEARS OF TRAVEL. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY. 352 + 424 p. |
1 Edição. 1863. 2 v
Bates, H.W. 1863. THE NATURALIST ON THE RIVER AMAZONS, A RECORD OF
ADVENTURES, HABITS OF ANIMALS, SKETCHES OF BRAZILIAN AND INDIAN LIFE,
AND ASPECTS OF NATURE UNDER THE EQUATOR, DURING ELEVEN YEARS OF TRAVEL.
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, 2 volumes, 8vo, (vol.1) viii, [ii],
352pp., 32 pp. adverts dated January 1863; (vol.2) vi, 424 pp., folding
map, 9 wood-engraved plates, illustrations
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2 Edição. 1864. 1 v.
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Bates H.W. 1864. The naturalist on the river Amazons. 2nd. London, John Murray, 1864, First one-volume
edition, published the year after the first edition in two volumes.,
8vo [20.5 x 13.5 cm]; xii, 466, [ii, ads] pp, frontis, numerous
plates and illustrations, foldout map of the Amazons from its mouth to
Peru, with two map insets, index. original green pictorial gilt cloth,
gilt spine title lettering, owner's signature on endpaper, internal
hinge cracked but firm, edges lightly rubbed, but a very good copy, gilt
bright. Borba de Moraes p 91 for 1st edition. The rare first edition of
this classic of natural history exploration was published in London
1863. This second edition omits some of the technical detail but
includes the entire personal narrative and most description of the
natural history. The folding map which is present was not included in
later editions. Bates, who spent over 11 years in the Amazon area,
formed an enormous collection of 14,000 insects, which occupied
scientists for years in classifying them. He went to South America with
Alfred Russell Wallace and the two journeyed together for a time. Darwin
encouraged him to write the book and recommended it for publication. In
Darwin's words: "Bates is only excelled by Humboldt in his description
of the tropical forest". His observations contributed to the theory of
evolution, hence the importance of this book. "A splendid travel book"
(Knight p. 180). Welch 33. Humphreys 1447. Goodman 606: 'One of the most
interesting and pleasing of all the works written by the explorers.'
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography describes it as 'one of the
finest scientific travel books of the 19th century'. This truncated edition which is
usually reprinted. Advice: use the 1863 or 1892 editions for
professional purposes] (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00163-2)
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3 Edição. 1892. 1 v.
Bates H.W. 1892. The naturalist on the river Amazons, with a memoir of the author by Edward Clodd.
[this edition, published after Bates' death, is valuable for two
reasons: it is the only time since 1863 that Murray published the full
text, and it includes a good short biography by Clodd]. Reprint of the Unabridged 2 Edition. 240mm x 160mm (9" x 6").
395pp. Map and Numerous illustrations, including colour plates.
Outras Edições em Inglês
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EDIÇÃO EM ALEMÃO
Elf Jahre am Amazonas
Edições de Henry Bates no Brasil - - O naturalista no Rio Amazonas / Um naturalista no Rio Amazonas
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| BATES, Henry Walter.O naturalista do rio Amazonas. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1944. 1 ed. 2 v. (Brasiliana, 237). 2 Vlos. Série 5ª brasiliana vol 237 Tradução Candido de Mello Leitão. 376 + 398 Pags. 18, 5 cms. |
1 Edição no Brasil
BATES, Henry Walter.O naturalista do rio Amazonas. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1944. 1 ed. 2 v. (Brasiliana, 237). 2 Vlos.
Série 5ª brasiliana vol 237
Tradução Candido de Mello Leitão.
376 + 398 Pags. 18, 5 cms.
Este volume é disponível em: O naturalista no rio Amazonas - Henry W. Bates
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2 Edição no Brasil
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BATES,
Henry Walter. Um naturalista do rio Amazonas. Belo Horizonte : Ed.
Itatia. São Paulo: Ed. da Universidade de Sao Paulo. 1979. 2 ed. 2 v.
(Reconquista do Brasil, v. 53). Tradução Regina Régis Junqueira
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BATES, Henry Walter. Um naturalista do rio Amazonas. Belo Horizonte : Ed. Itatia. São Paulo: Ed. da Universidade de Sao Paulo. 1979. 2 ed. 2 v. (Reconquista do Brasil, v. 53). Tradução Regina Régis Junqueira
História do período de estadia de Henry Bates no Brasil
Fonte:http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bates,_Henry_Walter_%28DNB01%29
In the meantime, however, he had made the acquaintance of Mr. Alfred
Russel Wallace, then English master at the collegiate school,
Leicester. The works of Humboldt and Lyell, and Darwin's recently
published 'Journal' (1839), proved a bond of communion between them.
They were both also enthusiastic entomologists, and were alike growing
dissatisfied with their restricted collecting area. The friends began to
discuss schemes for going abroad to explore some unharvested region,
and these at length took definite shape, mainly owing to the interest
excited by a little book by William H. Edwards on 'A Voyage up the River
Amazon, including a residence at Pará' (New York, 1847). This led Mr.
Wallace to propose to Bates a joint expedition to the Amazons, the plan
being to collect largely and dispose of duplicates in London in order to
defray expenses, while gathering facts towards solving the problem of
the origin of species. They embarked at Liverpool in a small trading
vessel of 192 tons on 26 April 1848, and arrived off Pará on 27 May.
Bates made Pará his headquarters until 6 Nov. 1851, when he started on
his long voyage to the Tapajos and the Upper Amazons, which occupied a
period of seven years and a half. It was from Pará that he and Mr.
Wallace in August 1848 made an excursion up the river Tocantins, the
third in rank among the streams which make up the Amazons system, of the
grandeur and peculiarities of which he wrote a striking account. In
September 1849 he started on his first voyage up the main stream in a
small sailing vessel (a service of steamers was not established until
1853), and reached Santarem, which he subsequently made his headquarters
for a period of three years; but on this journey he pushed on to
Obydos, about fifty miles further on. Here he secured a passage in a
cuberta or small vessel proceeding with merchandise up the Rio Negro.
The destination of the boat was Manaos on the Barra of the Rio Negro, a
spot rendered memorable by the visit of the Dutch naturalists, Spix and
Martins, in 1820. Here, some thousand miles from Pará, in March 1850
Bates and Wallace parted company, 'finding it more convenient to explore
separate districts and collect independently.' Wallace took the
northern parts and tributaries of the Amazons, and Bates kept to the
main stream, which, from the direction it seems to take at the fork of
the Rio Negro, is called the Upper Amazons, or the Solimoens. After
sailing three hundred and seventy miles up the Solimoens, through 'one
uniform, lofty, impervious, and humid forest,' Bates arrived on May-day
1850 at Ega. Here he spent nearly twelve months before returning to
Pará, and thus finished what may be considered as his preliminary survey
of the vast collecting ground which will always be associated with his
name. In November 1851 he again arrived at Santarem, where, after a
residence of six months, he commenced arrangements for an excursion up
the little-known Tapajos river, which in magnitude stands sixth among
the tributaries of the Amazons. A stay was made at the small settlement
of Aveyros, and from this spot an expedition was made up the Cupari, a
branch river which enters the Tapajos about eight miles above it. At
this time he was thrown into contact with Mundurucii Indians, and was
able to acquire much valuable ethnological information. The furthest
point up the Amazons system that he visited (in Sept. 1857) was St.
Paulo, a few leagues north east of Tabatinga and the Peruvian frontier.
From June 1864 until February 1859 Bates made his head-quarters 1,400
miles above Pará, at Ega, a place which he made familiar by name to
every European naturalist as the home of entomological discoveries of
the highest interest. At Ega he found five hundred and fifty new and
distinct species of butterflies alone (the outside total of English
species being no more than sixty-six). On the wings of these insects he
wrote in a memorable passage, 'Nature writes as on a tablet the story of
the modifications of species.' During the whole of his sojourn amid the
Brazilian forests his speculations were approximating to the theory of
natural selection, and upon the publication of the 'Origin of Species'
(November 1859) he became a staunch and thoroughgoing adherent of the
Darwinian hypothesis.
On 11 Feb. 1859 Bates left Ega for England, having spent eleven of
the best years of his life within four degrees of the equator, among
many discouragements, and to the detriment of his health, but to the
permanent enrichment of our knowledge of one of the most interesting
regions of the globe. During his stay in the Amazons he had learned
German and Portuguese, had discovered over eight thousand species new to
science, and by the sale of specimens had made a profit of about 800l.
He sailed from Pará on 2 June 1859, and upon his arrival set to work at
once upon his collections. His philosophic insight was first fully
exhibited in his celebrated paper, read before the Linnean Society on 21
June 1861, 'Contri- butions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera : KeViconidæ' (Linnean Soc. Trans,
vol. xxiii. 1862), described by Darwin as 'one of the most remarkable
and admirable papers I ever read in my life.' It was this paper which
first gave a due prominence before the scientific world to the
phenomenon of mimicry, and with it a philosophic explanation which at
once received Darwin's unconditional acceptance. 'I rejoice,' wrote the
latter with characteristic sincerity, 'that I passed over the whole
subject in the "Origin," for I should have made a precious mess of it '
(cf. Poulton, Colours of Aniynals,
pp. 217 sq. ; Beddaed, Animal Coloration, passim ; Grant Allen on
'Mimicry,' Encyel. Brit. 9th ed.) Darwin strongly recommended Bates to
publish a narrative of his travels, and with this object introduced him
to the publisher, John Murray, who proved an invaluable friend. In
January 1863 Murray issued Bates's 'Naturalist on the Amazons', which
has been described as 'the best work of natural history travels
published in England.' Apart from the personal charm of the narrative.
Bates as a describer of the tropical forest is second only to Humboldt.
His breadth of view saved him from the narrowness of specialism, and he
was as far removed as possible from what Darwin called 'the mob of
naturalists without souls.' The book was highly praised in the 'Revue
des Deux Mondes' for August 1863, but the highest compliment it received
was the remark of John Gould (whose greatest ambition had been to see
the great river) to the author : 'Bates, I have read your book — I've
seen the Amazons.' In April 1862, by the advice of numerous friends.
Bates applied for a post in the zoological department at the British
Museum, but the post was given to the poet Arthur William Edgar
0'Shaughnessy [q.v.], whose mind was a tabula rasa as far as zoological knowledge was concerned.
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Revisão Critica de Charles Darwin
Author of "The Origin of Species," etc.
[From Natural History Review, vol. iii. 1863.]
IN April, 1848, the author of the present volume left
England in company with Mr. A. R. Wallace--"who has since acquired wide
fame in connection with the Darwinian theory of Natural Selection"--on a
joint expedition up the river Amazons, for the purpose of investigating the
Natural History of the vast wood-region traversed by that mighty river and its
numerous tributaries. Mr. Wallace returned to England after four years' stay,
and was, we believe, unlucky enough to lose the greater part of his collections
by the shipwreck of the vessel in which he had transmitted them to London. Mr.
Bates prolonged his residence in the Amazon valley seven years after Mr.
Wallace's departure, and did not revisit his native country again until 1859.
Mr. Bates was also more fortunate than his companion in bringing his gathered
treasures home to England in safety. So great, indeed, was the mass of
specimens accumulated by Mr. Bates during his eleven years' researches, that
upon the working out of his collection, which has been accomplished (or is now
in course of being accomplished) by different scientific naturalists in this
country, it has been ascertained that representatives of no less than 14,712
species are amongst them, of which about 8000 were previously unknown to science.
It may be remarked that by far the greater portion of these species, namely,
about 14,000, belong to the class of Insects--to the study of which Mr. Bates
principally devoted his attention--being, as is well known, himself recognised
as no mean authority as regards this class of organic beings. In his present
volume, however, Mr. Bates does not confine himself to his entomological
discoveries, nor to any other branch of Natural History, but supplies a general
outline of his adventures during his journeyings up and down the mighty river,
and a variety of information concerning every object of interest, whether
physical or political, that he met with by the way. Mr. Bates landed at Para in
May, 1848. His first part is entirely taken up with an account of the Lower
Amazons--that is, the river from its sources up to the city of Manaos or Barra
do Rio Negro, where it is joined by the large northern confluent of that name--
and with a narrative of his residence at Para and his various excursions in the
neighbourhood of that city. The large collection made by Mr. Bates of the
animal productions of Para enabled him to arrive at the following conclusions
regarding the relations of the Fauna of the south side of the Amazonian delta
with those of other regions. "It is generally allowed that Guiana and
Brazil, to the north and south of the Para district, form two distinct
provinces, as regards their animal and vegetable inhabitants. By this it means
that the two regions have a very large number of forms peculiar to themselves,
and which are supposed not to have been derived from other quarters during
modern geological times. Each may be considered as a centre of distribution in
the latest process of dissemination of species over the surface of tropical
America. Para lies midway between the two centres, each of which has a nucleus
of elevated table-land, whilst the intermediate river- valley forms a wide
extent of low-lying country. It is, therefore, interesting to ascertain from
which the latter received its population, or whether it contains so large a
number of endemic species as would warrant the conclusion that it is itself an
independent province. To assist in deciding such questions as these, we must
compare closely the species found in the district with those of the other
contiguous regions, and endeavour to ascertain whether they are identical, or
only slightly modified, or whether they are highly peculiar. "Von Martius
when he visited this part of Brazil forty years ago, coming from the south, was
much struck with the dissimilarity of the animal and vegetable productions to
those of other parts of Brazil. In fact the Fauna of Para, and the lower part
of the Amazons has no close relationship with that of Brazil proper; but it has
a very great affinity with that of the coast region of Guiana, from Cayenne to
Demerara. If we may judge from the results afforded by the study of certain
families of insects, no peculiar Brazilian forms are found in the Para
district; whilst more than one-half of the total number are essentially Guiana
species, being found nowhere else but in Guiana and Amazonia. Many of them,
however, are modified from the Guiana type, and about one-seventh seem to be
restricted to Para. These endemic species are not highly peculiar, and they may
yet be found over a great part of Northern Brazil when the country is better
explored. They do not warrant us in concluding that the district forms an
independent province, although they show that its Fauna is not wholly
derivative, and that the land is probably not entirely a new formation. From
all these facts, I think we must conclude that the Para district belongs to the
Guiana province and that, if it is newer land than Guiana, it must have
received the great bulk of its animal population from that region. I am informed
by Dr. Sclater that similar results are derivable from the comparison of the
birds of these countries." One of the most interesting excursions made by
Mr. Bates from Para was the ascent of the river Tocantins--the mouth of which
lies about 4-5 miles from the city of Para. This was twice attempted. On the
second occasion--our author being in company with Mr. Wallace--the travellers
penetrated as far as the rapids of Arroyos, about 130 miles from its mouth.
This district is one of the chief collecting-grounds of the well-known
Brazil-nut (Bertholletia excelsa), which is here very plentiful, grove after
grove of these splendid trees being visible, towering above their fellows, with
the "woody fruits, large and round as cannon-balls, dotted over the branches."
The Hyacinthine Macaw (Ara hyacinthina) is another natural wonder, first met
with here. This splendid bird, which is occasionally brought alive to the
Zoological Gardens of Europe, "only occurs in the interior of Brazil, from
16' S.L. to the southern border of the Amazon valley." Its enormous
beak--which must strike even the most unobservant with wonder--appears to be
adapted to enable it to feed on the nuts of the Mucuja Palm (Acrocomia
lasiospatha). "These nuts, which are so hard as to be difficult to break
with a heavy hammer, are crushed to a pulp by the powerful beak of this
Macaw." Mr. Bates' later part is mainly devoted to his residence at
Santarem, at the junction of the Rio Tapajos with the main stream, and to his
account of Upper Amazon, or Solimoens--the Fauna of which is, as we shall
presently see, in many respects very different from that of the lower part of
the river. At Santarem--"the most important and most civilised settlement
on the Amazon, between the Atlantic and Para "--Mr. Bates made his
headquarters for three years and a half, during which time several excursions
up the little-known Tapajos were effected. Some 70 miles up the stream, on its
affluent, the Cupari, a new Fauna, for the most part very distinct from that of
the lower part of the same stream, was entered upon. "At the same time a
considerable proportion of the Cupari species were identical with those of Ega,
on the Upper Amazon, a district eight times further removed than the village
just mentioned." Mr. Bates was more successful here than on his excursion
up the Tocantins, and obtained twenty new species of fishes, and many new and
conspicuous insects, apparently peculiar to this part of the Amazonian valley.
In a later chapter Mr. Bates commences his account of the Solimoens, or Upper
Amazons, on the banks of which he passed four years and a half. The country is
a "magnificent wilderness, where civilised man has, as yet, scarcely
obtained a footing-the cultivated ground, from the Rio Negro to the Andes,
amounting only to a few score acres." During the whole of this time Mr.
Bates' headquarters were at Ega, on the Teffe, a confluent of the great river
from the south, whence excursions were made sometimes for 300 or 400 miles into
the interior. In the intervals Mr. Bates followed his pursuit as a collecting
naturalist in the same "peaceful, regular way," as he might have done
in a European village. Our author draws a most striking picture of the quiet,
secluded life he led in this far-distant spot. The difficulty of getting news
and the want of intellectual society were the great drawbacks--"the latter
increasing until it became almost insupportable." "I was obliged at
last," Mr. Bates naively remarks, "to come to the conclusion that the
contemplation of Nature, alone is not sufficient to fill the human heart and
mind." Mr. Bates must indeed have been driven to great straits as regards
his mental food, when, as he tell us, he took to reading the Athenaeum three
times over, "the first time devouring the more interesting articles--the
second, the whole of the remainder--and the third, reading all the
advertisements from beginning to end." Ega was, indeed, as Mr. Bates
remarks, a fine field for a Natural History collector, the only previous
scientific visitants to that region having been the German Naturalists, Spix
and Martius, and the Count de Castelnau when he descended the Amazons from the
Pacific. Mr. Bates' account of the monkeys of the genera Brachyuyus,
Nyctipithecus and Midas met with in this region, and the whole of the very
pregnant remarks which follow on the American forms of the Quadrumana, will be
read with interest by every one, particularly by those who pay attention to the
important subject of geographical distribution. We need hardly say that Mr.
Bates, after the attention he has bestowed upon this question, is a zealous
advocate of the hypothesis of the origin of species by derivation from a common
stock. After giving an outline of the general distribution of Monkeys, he
clearly argues that unless the "common origin at least of the species of a
family be admitted, the problem of their distribution must remain an
inexplicable mystery." Mr. Bates evidently thoroughly understands the
nature of this interesting problem, and in another passage, in which the very
singular distribution of the Butterflies of the genus Heliconius is enlarged
upon, concludes with the following significant remarks upon this important
subject: "In the controversy which is being waged amongst Naturalists
since the publication of the Darwinian theory of the origin of species, it has
been rightly said that no proof at present existed of the production of a
physiological species, that is, a form which will not interbreed with the one
from which it was derived, although given ample opportunities of doing so, and
does not exhibit signs of reverting to its parent form when placed under the
same conditions with it. Morphological species, that is, forms which differ to
an amount that would justify their being considered good species, have been
produced in plenty through selection by man out of variations arising under
domestication or cultivation. The facts just given are therefore of some
scientific importance, for they tend to show that a physiological species can
be and is produced in nature out of the varieties of a pre-existing closely
allied one. This is not an isolated case, for I observed in the course of my
travels a number of similar instances. But in very few has it happened that the
species which clearly appears to be the parent, co-exists with one that has
been evidently derived from it. Generally the supposed parent also seems to
have been modified, and then the demonstration is not so clear, for some of the
links in the chain of variation are wanting. The process of origination of a
species in nature as it takes place successively, must be ever, perhaps, beyond
man's power to trace, on account of the great lapse of time it requires. But we
can obtain a fair view of it by tracing a variable and far-spreading species
over the wide area of its present distribution; and a long observation of such
will lead to the conclusion that new species must in all cases have arisen out
of variable and widely-disseminated forms. It sometimes happens, as in the
present instance, that we find in one locality a species under a certain form
which is constant to all the individuals concerned; in another exhibiting
numerous varieties; and in a third presenting itself as a constant form quite
distinct from the one we set out with. If we meet with any two of these modifications
living side by side, and maintaining their distinctive characters under such
circumstances, the proof of the natural origination of a species is complete;
it could not be much more so were we able to watch the process step by step. It
might be objected that the difference between our two species is but slight,
and that by classing them as varieties nothing further would be proved by them.
But the differences between them are such as obtain between allied species
generally. Large genera are composed in great part of such species, and it is
interesting to show the great and beautiful diversity within a large genus as
brought about by the working of laws within our comprehension." But to
return to the Zoological wonders of the Upper Amazon, birds, insects, and
butterflies are all spoken of by Mr. Bates in his chapter on the natural
features of the district, and it is evident that none of these classes of
beings escaped the observation of his watchful intelligence. The account of the
foraging ants of the genus Eciton is certainly marvellous, and would, even of
itself, be sufficient to stamp the recorder of their habits as a man of no
ordinary mark. The last chapter of Mr. Bates' work contains the account of his
excursions beyond Ega. Fonteboa, Tunantins--a small semi-Indian settlement, 240
miles up the stream--and San Paulo de Olivenca, some miles higher up, were the
principal places visited, and new acquisitions were gathered at each of these
localities. In the fourth month of Mr. Bates' residence at the last-named
place, a severe attack of ague led to the abandonment of the plans he had
formed of proceeding to the Peruvian towns of Pebas and Moyobamba, and "so
completing the examination of the Natural History of the Amazonian plains up to
the foot of the Andes." This attack, which seemed to be the culmination of
a gradual deterioration of health, caused by eleven years' hard work under the
tropics, induced him to return to Ega, and finally to Para, where he embarked,
on the 2nd June 1859, for England. Naturally enough, Mr. Bates tells us he was
at first a little dismayed at leaving the equator, "where the
well-balanced forces of Nature maintain a land-surface and a climate typical of
mind, and order and beauty," to sail towards the "crepuscular
skies" of the cold north. But he consoles us by adding the remark that
"three years' renewed experience of England" have convinced him
"how incomparably superior is civilised life to the spiritual sterility of
half-savage existence, even if it were passed in the Garden of Eden."
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Conteúdo da Primeira Edição - Henry Battes
CONTENTS OF VOL. I
CHAPTER I
.
PARÁ
Arrival— Aspect of the country— the Para Elver— Fu-st walk in the Suburbs of Para— Free Negroes— Birds, Lizards, and Insects
of the Suburbs— Leaf-cutting Ant— Sketch of the climate, his- tory, and present condition of Para 1
CHAPTER II.
PARÁ
The Swampy forests of Para — A Portuguese landed proprietor — Country house at Nazareth— Life of a Naturalist under the equator
— The drier virgin forests — Magoary — Eetired creeks — Abo-rigines 44
CHAPTER III.
PARÁ
Religious holidays— Marmoset Monkeys — Serpents — Insects of the forest —Eelations of the fauna of the Para District . . .86
CHAPTER IV.
THE TOCANTINS AND CAMETA.
Preparations for the journey — The bay of Goajara — Grove of fan leaved palms— The lower Tocantins— Sketch of the river— Vista
alegi-e — Baiao — Eapids— Boat journey to the Guariba falls — Native life on the Tocantins— Second journey to Cameta . . 112
CHAPTER V.
CARIPI AND THE BAY OF MARAJÓ.
"River Para and Bay of Marajó— Journey to Caripi — Negro observance of Christmas — A German Family — Bats — Ant-eaters —
Humming-birds — Excursion to the Murucupi — Domestic Life of the Inhabitants — Hunting Excursion with Indians — Natural
History of the Paca and Cutia — Insects , . . . .168
CHAPTER VI.
THE LOWER AMAZONS-PARA TO OBYDOS.
Modes of travelling on the Amazons — Historical Sketch of the early explorations of the River — Preparations for Voyage— Life
on board a large Trading- vessel — The narrow Channels joining the Para to the Amazons — First Sight of the great River — Gurupa —
The Great Shoal — Flat-topped Mountains — Contraction of the River Yalley — Santarem — Obydos — Natural History of Obydos —
Origin of Species by Segregation of Local Varieties . . .212
CHAPTER VII.
THE LOWER AMAZONS— OBYDOS TO MANAOS, OR THE BARRA OF THE RIO NEGRO.
Departure from Obydos — River banks and by-channels— Cacao planters — Daily life on board our vessel — Great Storm— Sand-
island and its birds — Hill of Pareutins — Negro trader and Manilas Indians — Villa Nova, its inhabitants, climate, forest,
and animal productions — Cararaucu — A rustic festival — Lake of Cararaucu — Moti'ica flies — Serpa — Christmas holidays — River
Madeira — A mameluco farmer — Mura Indians — Rio Negro — Description of Barra — Descent to Para — Yellow fever . . 266
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.CHAPTER I. SANTAKEM. Situation of Santarem — Manners and customs of the inhabitants — Trade — Climate — Leprosy — Historical sketch — Grassy campos and woods — Excursions to Mapiri, Mahica, and Irura, with sketches of their Natural History ; Palms, wild fruit-trees, Mining Wasps, Mason Wasps, Bees, Sloths, and Marmoset Monkeys — Natural History of Termites or White Ants . . 1CHAPTER II.VOYAGE UP THE TAPAJOS. Preparations for voyage — First day's sail — Mode of arranging money-matters and remittance of collections in the interior — Loss of boat — Altar do Chad — Excursion in forest — Valuable timber — Modes of obtaining fish — Difficulties with crew — Arrival at Aveyros — Excursions in the neighbourhood — White Cebus and habits and dispositions of Cebi Monkeys — Tame Parrot — Missionary settlement — Enter the Kiver Cupari — Adventure with Anaconda — Smoke-dried Monkey — Boa-constrictor — Village of Mundurucu Indians, and incursion of a wild tribe — Falls of the Cupari — Hyacinthine Macaw — Re-emerge into the broad Tapajos — Descent of river to Santarem . . . . .71
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CHAPTER III.THE UPPER AMAZONS— VOYAGE TO EGA.Departure from Barra — First day and night on the Upper Amaazons — Desolate appearance of river in the flood season — Cucama Indians — Mental condition of Indians — Squalls — Manatee — Forest — Floating pumice-stones from the Andes — Falling banks — Ega and its inhabitants — Daily life of a Naturalist at Ega — Customs, trade, &c. — The four seasons of the Upper Amazons . 153CHAPTER IV.EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EGA. The river Teffe — Rambles through groves on the beach — Excurion to the house of a Passe chieftain — Character and customs of the Passe* tribe — First excursion to the sand islands of the Solimoens — Habits of great river-turtle — Second excursion — Turtle-fishing in the inland pools — Third excursion — Hunting-rambles with, natives in the forest — Return to Ega . . 225CHAPTER V.ANIMALS OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EGA.Scarlet-faced Monkeys — Parauacii Monkey — Owl-faced Night-apes — Marmosets — Jupurd, — Comparison of Monkeys of the New "World with those of the Old — Bats — Birds — Cuvier's Toucan — Curl-crested Toucan — Insects — Pendulous Cocoons — Foraging Ants— Blind Ants 305CHAPTER VI.EXCURSIONS BEYOND EGA. Steamboat travelling on the Amazons — Passengers — Tunantins — Caishana Indians — The Jutahi — Indian tribes on the Jutahi and the Junia — The Sapo — Maraud Indians — Fonte Boa — Journey to St. Paulo — Tucuna Indians — Illness— Descent to Para — Changes at Para — Departure for England 367
